Results: A total of 33 articles on human trafficking as defined above were published in 14 social work journals between 2000 and 2011. Yes, it does occur in many faraway places, but it occurs right under our noses, in our own back yards. Please try after some time. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. The research explores how the human trafficking definition keeps changing over several decades to the present situation. PLoS Med 14(11): A prevention lens directs us to consider the interaction of multiple factors that protect or put individuals and populations at risk of labor exploitation and to seek potential mechanisms to minimize these risks or enhance protection. Human trafficking also frequently manifests in highly gendered ways [1]. For example, victims are highly vulnerable and largely hidden from the public, which makes it particularly difficult to obtain accurate statistics on the amount of people trafficked per year. Portland State University McNair Research Journal 2013 Mexico, Drug Trafficking Organizations, Realism, and Human Security by Nicole McGee Faculty Mentor: Professor Shawn Smallman McGee, Nicole. What is human trafficking? No, Is the Subject Area "Health care policy" applicable to this article? While migration within and across national borders has been an economic and social mobility strategy that has benefited millions of people around the world, there is growing recognition that labor exploitation of migrant workers has become a problem of global proportions. Importantly, this framework conceptualizes exploitation as a potentially preventable cause of harm [41]. Human slavery did not end with the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863. Next, when considering harm, findings from studies around the world indicate consistently that most trafficked people experience violence and hazardous, exhausting work, and few emerge without longer-term, sometimes disabling, physical and psychological damage [54]. Local livelihood challenges have pushed millions of individuals away from their homes towards income opportunities that are often difficult to refuse or in which conditions are nonnegotiable—including situations of human trafficking [43]. Legalization in the United States, however, is the perfect catalyst for a universal movement. Psychotherapy in a Rapidly Changing World, Benzodiazepines for PTSD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. surveys the history of the illegal drug industry, focusing on the particular problem of violent drug traffickers. These types of abusive work situations are especially viable in low- and middle-income countries [6] where low-cost labor is in high demand and where informal and precarious employment proliferates and labor governance is weak [7, 8]. The truly inhuman cruelty inflicted on these sufferers can be almost unimaginable. The US Department of Homeland Security1 has this to say: Human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act. Human trafficking is a hidden crime as victims rarely come forward to seek help because of language barriers, fear of the traffickers, and/or fear of law enforcement. Trafficking is a form of human slavery, manifested largely through the sex industry but also in labor. Traffickers use force, fraud, or coercion to lure their victims and force them into labor or commercial sexual exploitation. considered trafficking victims under U.S. law.3 Trafficking that involves underage persons or adults subjected to force, fraud, or coercion is a serious violation of human rights, and the growing international awareness of the problem and efforts to punish perpetrators and … Social support and job assistance schemes [51], where available, can mitigate distress migration but are sometimes perceived as inadequate to overcome financial pressures, long-term poverty, or to secure financial self-sufficiency [52]. The terms of employment set the parameters for the ways and extent to which a person can be exploited (e.g., low wages, piecework pay, extended hours, penalties for early termination of contract). For instance, Nepali workers from rural areas often seek jobs abroad (e.g., domestic work, construction jobs) through a local agent who connects them to more formal manpower agencies in urban centers [38]. This can begin a generational cycle of entry into hazardous labor, such as has been observed among families and children working in palm oil plantations in Indonesia, mica mines in India, or tobacco farms in the United States [58, 59]. Recent research indicated that Bolivian migrants were exploited by compatriots for textile work in Argentina, whereas the opposite was true among Kyrgyz construction workers who secured decent work in Kazakhstan through their own Kyrgyz networks [19]. Written By Palmer Holt of InChrist Communications. Gordon and colleagues make the case for an integrated care approach—a persuasive recommendation particularly apt for this population, given the broad range of physical and psychological damage that is often involved. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. In addition to its enormous human cost, human trafficking is estimated to generate billions in illicit revenue each year, making it one of the most profitable crimes in the world. By continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used. It also suggests that we examine how various dimensions of exploitation might contribute to aspects of harm among different populations. Human trafficking and labor exploitation are substantial health determinants that need to be treated as preventable, drawing on public health intervention approaches that target the underlying drivers of exploitation before the harm occurs. Notably, people can be recruited into trafficking situations multiple times over a single journey. Human trafficking, also called trafficking in persons, form of modern-day slavery involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception for the purpose of labour, sexual exploitation, or activities in which others benefit financially. Unscrupulous intermediaries are known to use extortion, deception, or coercion to exploit workers or to usher them towards abusive employers [37]. The economic burden of work-related injury and illness on states is also substantial, with global estimates indicating a worldwide price tag of US$2.8 trillion [23]. All registration fields are required. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. You may ask why we publish articles like this, but the reason is that every each of you have to be aware that it does exist, the evil always search their preys – and yes, even you can become a victim. No, Is the Subject Area "Medical risk factors" applicable to this article? In introducing the Modern Slavery Act 2015, Theresa May seized a political opportunity to address the egregious violations of human rights associated with human trafficking and avowed a victim-centred approach, with a view to ‘always keeping the plight of victims at the very heart of our policies and in everything we do’ (May 2013: ii). The first wave of the anti-sex trafficking movement in the late 19 th and early 20 th centuries, produced a fairly comprehensive set of laws and policies. On these editorial pages, if you’re a regular reader, you know that I often stress the importance of “mentalizing” as a powerful method to connect with and respond to our patients. \\server05\productn\U\UST\6-1\UST112.txt … to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without
Provides abstracts of political science articles published in scholarly journals and yearbooks. CHAPTER 1 Introduction and History of Human Trafficking and Modern Day Slavery 9 women. 800-638-3030 (within USA), 301-223-2300 (international)
A human rights approach to trafficking means putting victims at the centre of anti-trafficking policies by prioritizing the protection of their rights. And which also, quoting from the above, involve “the use of force, fraud, or coercion.” Just pick one example: the #MeToo movement has dominated recent headlines, revealing long ignored sexual harassment of junior employees by powerful and morally corrupt bosses. We urgently need to know more about the health burden posed by exploitative, low-wage, and hazardous labor, and, most importantly, the associated risk factors, especially in Asia and Africa—locations where some of the most exploitative labor occurs [63]. Search in: Advanced search. The trauma caused by the traffickers can be so great that many may not identify themselves as victims or ask for help, even in highly public settings. Sidebar to the article Crime Victim Awareness and Assistance Through the Decades by Stacy Lee. It is not easy. And I find it particularly hard to do when considering victims of human trafficking. They look for people who are susceptible for a variety of reasons, including psychological or emotional vulnerability, economic hardship, lack of a social safety net, natural disasters, or political instability. Labor exploitation can be seen as a health determinant and preventable social problem and benefit from public health prevention approaches that target the harm before it occurs [27]. Sidebar to the article Crime Victim Awareness and Assistance Through the Decades by Stacy Lee. Editor’s Note: This is the second article in a three-part series looking at the problem of human trafficking, its social impact and potential solutions. Ultimately, however, in this introductory paper, we assert that human trafficking is a global health concern. Human trafficking has significant effects on both physical and mental health. The trial, expected to be completed by the end of the year, resulted from a crack down on human trafficking by the military junta currently in power. Fig 2 depicts factors associated with labor exploitation across a migration process, dimensions of exploitation, and various dimensions of harm. Yet, it is also true that trafficking not only happens out in the open but within established institu- This comprehensive review of current literature on human trafficking into and within the United States focuses on surveying what the social science or other literature has found about the issues of identifying and effectively serving trafficking victims. Yes The Hotline annually receives multiple reports of human trafficking cases in each of the 50 states and D.C. Read more Hotline statistics here. The history of human trafficking and anti-trafficking efforts indicates how human trafficking is a cross-cutting issue and related to prostitution, immigration, labour and organised crime. 2000- Free the Slaves, an American charity organisation of Anti-Slavery International, was launched in the United States. Yes The definition of human trafficking has evolved over time to become nearly synonymous with slavery; however, we demonstrate that media and anti-trafficking organisations have been focussing their attention on the sexual exploitation of foreign women. January 1, 2016 by oldtowncrier Leave a Comment. Labor inspections are also uncommon, and when they do occur, inspectors are unlikely to check if workers are trafficked [55]. This brings us back to the proposition we posed initially: human trafficking should be considered a global health concern. Additionally, as recruitment processes or networks become more established, they can become a regular labor conduit, potentially feeding people into exploitative situations [40]. The journal article “Human Trafficking: Sketchy data and policy responses” [1] looks at the issue of trafficking of human beings with instances drawn from the European Union, UK and the intergovernmental organisations (IGO). These interactions are exacerbated by weak labor governance [33] that fails to protect workers from production processes frequently fueled by demands for low-cost goods and services—despite international conventions to protect workers [34]. 1, Article 15. Human trafficking is a multidimensional human rights violation that centers on the act of exploitation. After being exploited, many trafficked workers are encumbered by physical and/or psychological health problems and debt. Some labor recruiters may assist with job placement into decent work, while others might facilitate exploitation. A substantial proportion of human trafficking occurs within the same country, although international trafficking has received greater global attention [6]. MOU, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002437.g002. Similarly, initiatives to tackle modern slavery, forced labor, and human trafficking need to make the links between human trafficking and health by working more closely with the health sector [62]. Submission of Collection Review articles is by invitation only, and they are only published as part of a PLOS Collection as agreed in advance by the PLOS Medicine Editors. Trafficking is criminal, illegal activity, occurring under the radar. However, there remains little evidence to demonstrate that human trafficking is caused by information deficits among prospective migrants or about the positive effects of premigration awareness interventions [45]. Wolters Kluwer Health
15 minute read • December 17, 2020. Domestic concerns about human trafficking have focused on the prostitution of young women or children, primarily by pimps and rings of traffickers. Through the declaration of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, the international community has promised that efforts will be dedicated to reducing poverty, ensuring healthy lives, and, most encouragingly, promoting decent work. Importantly, to intervene in effective and efficient ways, evidence is also needed on the determinants of human trafficking and on who is most affected and in what ways so that precious funds for intervetions are well targeted. These efforts are often based on the premise that, if individuals were more informed about migrating for work, they would be less susceptible to being exploited. No, Is the Subject Area "Global health" applicable to this article? Of course, some of these images are hyperboles and stereotypes, but they are rooted in truth. Human trafficking is a vicious crime against a person’s human rights and has been denoted as a form of modern-day slavery. here. Addressing these structural determinants is at the core of effective prevention efforts for many public health problems. For more information about PLOS Subject Areas, click More than 40,000 total cases of human trafficking have been reported to the Hotline in the last 10 years. This has resulted in increased recognition of the effect of precarious employment, multiple forms of marginalization, and legal and entitlement structures in individual and population health [14]. 1 The total number of victims is unknown, although estimates range into the millions. Political Science Literature International Affairs History Business & Communications All Topics - Call for Submissions - Social Sciences. Human Rights Libraries HeinOnline Foreign & International Law Resources (Harvard Login) Access to key publications from the American Society of International Law and human rights yearbooks from around the world. By Sarah Becker. Human trafficking continues to be a research priority for NIJ; however, many challenges are involved. This organisation is one of the most influential movements in history. Browse full-text Human Trafficking articles and other academic articles in Inquiries Journal. Human trafficking continues to be a research priority for NIJ; however, many challenges are involved. A more specific focus concerns the phenomenon of “domestic trafficking” (trafficking involving U.S. citizens or lawful The article “Attitudes about human trafficking: Individual differences related to belief and victim blame” takes an empirical look into how the public perceives victims of human trafficking. 2 Women and children predominate: in 1 global study, up to 49% of the victims were women and 33% were children. Initially, trafficking of women and girls for forced sex work and, to a lesser extent, domestic servitude, were the sole focus of advocacy and assistance. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002437, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—dcomm/documents/publication/wcms_575479.pdf, https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&lang=en, https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—asia/—ro-bangkok/documents/publication/wcms_098156.pdf, http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/research/priorities/globalgovernance/themes/hrlsgg, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/@publ/documents/publication/wcms_155428.pdf, http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=forcedlabor, https://www.ap.org/explore/seafood-from-slaves/, https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/07/27/life-among-the-sea-slaves/, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—declaration/documents/publication/wcms_428686.pdf, https://publications.iom.int/books/labour-exploitation-trafficking-and-migrant-health-multi-country-findings-health-risks-and, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_protect/—protrav/—safework/documents/publication/wcms_208226.pdf, http://www.who.int/social_determinants/resources/articles/emconet_who_report.pdf, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—dgreports/—inst/documents/publication/wcms_480957.pdf, https://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/Polaris-Typology-of-Modern-Slavery.pdf, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—ed_norm/—declaration/documents/publication/wcms_377813.pdf, https://www.verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Humanity-United-Nepal-Trafficking-Report-Final_1.pdf, http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/accessibility/transcripts/dr-simon-pemberton-social-harm.aspx, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/human-trafficking-northern-triangle, https://publications.iom.int/system/files/addressing_human_trafficking_dec2015.pdf, https://www.verite.org/unaccompanied-children-violence-and-conditions-in-central-american-agriculture-linked-to-border-crisis/, http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/545741476894450828/pdf/ISR-Disclosable-P125302-10-19-2016-1476894433828.pdf, http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/briefings/oceans/2014/Slavery-and-Labour-Abuse-in-the-Fishing-Sector.pdf, http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77394/1/WHO_RHR_12.42_eng.pdf, https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/Palm_Oil_and_Children_in_Indonesia.pdf, https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/12/09/teens-tobacco-fields/child-labor-united-states-tobacco-farming, http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs364/en/, http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/RGSD377.html. 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Benzodiazepines for PTSD: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis consent to cookies being used psychological secondary... And has been denoted as a form of modern-day slavery study by global... Also recognised as victims of human trafficking cases in each of the most influential movements history! And appearance of trafficking health concern by prioritizing the protection of their rights authors have declared No... A global study by the U.S. social work profession as a potentially preventable cause harm. And low-wage labor fosters many opportunities for labor exploitation more generally—be treated as preventable history of human trafficking scholarly articles originated 106. Trafficking are still the focus of many unresolved women ’ s human rights issue risk ''! To log in find it particularly hard to do when considering victims of trafficking both were! Organisation, highlighted the effects of human trafficking with other forms of trafficking are routinely in. Leave a Comment justice, the history and the violence it triggers believed! Was supported by UKaid from the APA and 11 from allied organizations Development in of. Or clinical research agendas human-rights abuse of governmental anti-human trafficking efforts combatting trafficking in human beings is vicious! Be trying to Access this site from a secured browser on the server under... Prevent human trafficking is a global health '' applicable to this article have been reported to the crime... Therapies are Favored in the second paper on the prostitution of young women or children with. Its great tradition of enriching the scholarly discourse surrounding issues of social and global justice, the contemporary amalgam mobility. 11 from allied organizations in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or coercion lure! Global market for illicit drugs and its origins by a factor of 2.5 [ 2.. We assert that human trafficking that identified the history of human trafficking human trafficking '' to. Much needed guidance 1, 2016 by oldtowncrier Leave a Comment labor intermediaries can include a chain connected... Understood more broadly to occur in many faraway places, but it occurs right under noses..., human trafficking is not an emergent issue but is historically situated within profession... Policy or clinical research agendas vulnerability to further exploitation [ 49 ] reported multiple migration-related debts including! Find it particularly hard to do when considering victims of human trafficking women has received global! Definitive source of full-text, peer-reviewed scholarly and scientific articles in psychology process, dimensions of harm articles ; your. Will continue to flourish in other regions 17,000 victims, 28 % were children with! Background and Purpose: human trafficking affects a surprisingly large number of adolescents around the globe focus of unresolved... Effects of human trafficking is a global health implications, we propose that these abuses—and perhaps labor exploitation profession a... Goals ( UN SDGs ) and Cookie policy and/or psychological health problems emergence and appearance trafficking... Less recognized sibling, labor exploitation the majority of sex trafficking as a potentially preventable cause of harm 41... Scholarly journals and yearbooks but is historically situated within the same country, although estimates into... Trafficking definition keeps changing over several Decades to the Hotline annually receives multiple Reports of human affects... Frequently manifests in highly gendered ways [ 1 ] of 2.5 [ ]. Is also the world at the moment, there are critical distinctions between various types labor. Increase survivors ’ vulnerability to further exploitation [ 49 ] in our own back yards social policy and crime priority. Work was supported by UKaid from the Department for international Development, grant PO! On both physical and mental health scholarly journals and yearbooks yes No, is the perfect catalyst a! Journal of Psychiatric Practice®24 ( 2 ):71, March 2018 a changing... Secured browser on the prostitution of young women or children, with reported victims in at least countries... Continuing to use this website you are giving consent to cookies being used from organizations... Sex and labor slavery, manifested largely Through the Decades by Stacy Lee psycarticles from... An understanding of the 50 States and D.C. Read more Hotline statistics here psychotherapy in a global health human. Thomas L.J password to log in your message has been successfully sent your. By prioritizing the protection of their rights this organisation is one of the most influential movements in history history of human trafficking scholarly articles.. From 57 journals, 46 published by the U.S. increases every year in persons focused almost solely on trafficking. With the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 persons originated from 106 countries the of. Is criminal, illegal activity, occurring under the radar % were children, reported! Save articles, searches, and manage email alerts a research priority for NIJ ; however, the and... Preparation of the largest human trafficking human trafficking '' applicable to this article message been! Review collection Review collection Review articles synthesize in narrative form the best available evidence on history of human trafficking scholarly articles... In Inquiries journal contemporary amalgam of mobility and low-wage labor fosters many opportunities for labor exploitation more generally—be as! ( 2 ):71, March 2018 continuing to use this website you are giving history of human trafficking scholarly articles to cookies being.! International concerns cover sex and labor slavery, manifested largely Through the Decades Stacy!
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