In the 19th century, a different barley wine was made prepared from recipes of ancient Greek origin.[5]. Its germination time is one to three days. [26] Archaeobotanical evidence shows that barley had spread throughout Eurasia by 2,000 BCE. Barley meal, a wholemeal barley flour lighter than wheat meal but darker in colour, is used in gruel,[52] in contrast to porridge which is made from oats. Several varieties of barley are currently cultivated across the world. Some genetics background helpful, but not required. 'Mansury', also designated 'Accession No. It reduces cholesterol levels in the blood, improves the regulation of blood sugar, and has other health benefits too. The devastation caused by any one disease will depend upon the susceptibility of the variety being grown and the environmental conditions during disease development. Barley is produced in all regions of Turkey; but the Central Anatolian region (Konya, Eskisehir, Ankara and Kirsehir) and Southeastern Anatolia (Sanliurfa, Diyarbakir and Mardin) are the two important regions for barley production. [9] Additionally, wild barley has distinctive genes, alleles, and regulators with potential for resistance to abiotic or biotic stresses to cultivated barley and adaptation to climatic changes. 'Hazen', a six-row, smooth-awn, white-aleurone feed barley, was released by NDSU in 1984. Now the grain is ready for its solo. 'Larker', a six-rowed, semi-smooth-awn malting barley, was first released in 1961. 'Drummond' has better straw strength than current six-row varieties. However, since barley contains gluten, it is not recommended for people with gluten-related disorders. [6] Wild barley has several characteristics useful to a wild plant that aren't so useful to humans. According to Deuteronomy 8:8, barley is one of the "Seven Species" of crops that characterize the fertility of the Promised Land of Canaan, and it has a prominent role in the Israelite sacrifices described in the Pentateuch (see e.g. 'Rawson', a variety developed by the NDSU Barley Breeding Program, was released by the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station in 2005. Australia demands sit-down talks with China and lodges a World Trade Organisation dispute over huge barley tariff. It is a white-aleurone, two-row barley similar to 'Bowman' in heading date and plant height and similar to 'Morex' for foliar diseases. Australia will challenge China's tariff on its barley exports in an appeal to the World Trade Organization (WTO). Two-row barley with nonshattering spikes is classified as H. distichum L., six-row barley with nonshattering spikes as H. vulgare L. (or H. hexastichum L.), and six-row with shattering spikes as H. agriocrithon Åberg. 'Nordic', a six-row, colorless-aleurone feed barley, was released in 1971. In a 100 gram serving, cooked barley provides 123 kilocalories and is a good source (10% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of essential nutrients, including, dietary fiber, the B vitamin, niacin (14% DV), and dietary minerals including iron (10% DV) and manganese (12% DV) (table). Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation. Under these classifications, two-row barley with shattering spikes (wild barley) is classified as Hordeum spontaneum K. Koch. 'Kindred' was released in 1941 and developed from a selection made by S.T. The Old English word for barley was bere, which traces back to Proto-Indo-European and is cognate to the Latin word farina "flour". High-protein barley is best suited for animal feed. Kernel plumpness and test weight was superior to 'Dickson', but less than 'Larker'. Barley is also extensively used in beer and whiskey production. It was resistant to stem rust and had the same reaction to spot blotch and, 'Tregal', a high-yield, smooth-awn, six-row feed barley, was released by NDSU in 1943. Malting traits are equal or greater than 'Morex' with plum kernel percentage lower than 'Robust'. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. 'Stark' yields about 10% better than 'Bowman'. The wild ancestor of domesticated barley, Hordeum vulgare subsp. [80], In English folklore, the figure of John Barleycorn in the folksong of the same name is a personification of barley, and of the alcoholic beverages made from it: beer and whisky. Other ornamental and cultural used of barley are also found. Also read: Why fermentation can change the way the world eats and also help the environment . Straw strength is similar to 'Excel' and 'Stander', but better than 'Robust'. Barley soup is traditionally eaten during Ramadan in Saudi Arabia. spontaneum) ranges from North Africa and Crete in the west, to Tibet in the east. [69] A finishing diet of barley is one of the defining characteristics of western Canadian beef used in marketing campaigns. [59] Consuming breakfast cereals containing barley over weeks to months also improved cholesterol levels and glucose regulation. Thus harvesting the former is much easier. Barley is most commonly used for heart disease and high cholesterol. 'Sioux', a selection from Tregal released by NDSU, was a six-row, medium-early variety with white aleurone, rough awns, and long rachilla hairs. 'Dickson', a six-row, rough-awned variety, was released by NDSU in 1965. It has better yield, test weight, and lodging score, and lower protein, than 'Bowman' and 'Morex'. In ancient Mesopotamia, a stalk of barley was the primary symbol of the goddess Shala. The resulting hybrids have further been crossed with rye, but with even more limited results. Camus. [29] Some of the earliest domesticated barley occurs at aceramic ("pre-pottery") Neolithic sites, in the Near East such as the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B layers of Tell Abu Hureyra, in Syria. [29] Barley has been grown in the Korean Peninsula since the Early Mumun Pottery Period (circa 1500–850 BCE) along with other crops such as millet, wheat, and legumes. Two-row barley is traditionally used in German and English beers. Barley in these forms can be used to make porridge, gruel, and a wide variety of other dishes in Central and Eastern Europe. Barley grows under cool conditions, but is not particularly winter hardy. Barley is a widely adaptable crop. Year over year, exported barley dropped -12.6% from 2018 to 2019. Through a collaborative agreement between the NDSU Foundation Seedstocks (NDFSS) project and Busch Agricultural Resources, all foundation seed of 'Celebration' barley will be produced and distributed by the NDFSS. Domesticated barley has nonshattering spikes, making it much easier to harvest the mature ears. Hulled barley (or covered barley) is eaten after removing the inedible, fibrous, outer hull. Barley was domesticated from the wild ancestor Hordeum vulgare which grows abundantly in areas of the Fertile Crescent. Barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) is a member of the grass family and one of the most popular types of cereal grains in the world. In Eastern and Central Europe, barley is also used in soups and stews such as ričet. 'Pioneer' is a parent cultivar of 'Maris Otter'. 'Golden Promise', an English semidwarf, is a salt-tolerant, mutant variety (created with gamma rays. 'Hazen' heads two days later than 'Glenn'. BCE. H. vulgare contains the phenolics caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid, the ferulic acid 8,5'-diferulic acid, the flavonoids catechin-7-O-glucoside,[24] saponarin,[25] catechin, procyanidin B3, procyanidin C2, and prodelphinidin B3, and the alkaloid hordenine. 'Tregal' was similar to 'Kindred' for reaction to spot blotch with similar tolerance to, 'Trophy', a six-row, rough-awn malting variety with colorless aleurone, was released by NDSU in 1964. Barley is produced in all regions of Turkey; but the Central Anatolian region (Konya, Eskisehir, Ankara and Kirsehir) and Southeastern Anatolia (Sanliurfa, Diyarbakir and Mardin) are the two important regions for barley production. The genome of barley was sequenced in 2012,[44] due to the efforts of the International Barley Genome Sequencing Consortium and the UK Barley Sequencing Consortium. People often eat the grain as food. 'Manchurian', a blue-aleurone malting variety, was released by NDSU in 1922. [75], As modern studies show, the actual length of a kernel of barley varies from as short as 4–7 mm (5⁄32–9⁄32 in) to as long as 12–15 mm (15⁄32–19⁄32 in) depending on the cultivar. In 2014, 144 million tons of barley was produced of which 14% was produced by the Russian Federation, the top producing country. However, its net blotch resistance is better than any current variety. [38] In mainland Greece, the ritual significance of barley possibly dates back to the earliest stages of the Eleusinian Mysteries. [48], In 2017, world production of barley was 149 million tonnes, led by Russia producing 14% of the world total. Barley played an important role in ancient Greek culture as a staple bread-making grain as well as an important food for athletes, w… Barley tolerates greater soil salinity than wheat and is less cold tolerant than winter wheat. Today, approximately 65% of barley crop is being utilized as animal feed, ≈ 30% for malting and brewing, and only 2–3% for human consumption. Unfortunately his story-telling abilities are so compelling that he has seduced a generation of college-educated readers."[35]. Barley is the fourth most important cereal crop in the world after wheat, maize, and rice. Barley beer was probably one of the first alcoholic drinks developed by Neolithic humans. Barley straw has not been approved by the EPA for use as a pesticide and its effectiveness as an algae regulator in ponds has produced mixed results, with either more efficacy against phytoplankton algae versus mat-forming algae, or no significant change, during university testing in the US and the UK. Numbers 5:15). In wild barley (and other Old World species of Hordeum), only the central spikelet is fertile, while the other two are reduced. [52] It may be polished, a process known as "pearling". 'Dickson' had more resistance to prevalent leaf spot diseases than 'Trophy', 'Larker', and 'Traill'. Tibetan barley has been a staple food in Tibetan cuisine since the fifth century CE. It is currently popular in temperate areas where it is grown as a summer crop and tropical areas where it is sown as a winter crop. The relatively drought resistant crop has a short growing season. [55], The six-row variety bere is cultivated in Orkney, Shetland, Caithness and the Western Isles in the Scottish Highlands and islands. The practice of exchanging or bartering is very old, and communities used to exchange goods to meet their basic needs. Barley is a tough cereal, grown in a number of environments where other grains can’t grow – from arctic latitudes and alpine altitudes to saline desert oases. The plant is susceptible to the barley mild mosaic bymovirus, bacterial blight, and several other diseases, and must be protected against them to save the crop. [36] The ancient Sumerian word for barley was akiti. 'Steptoe' is widely adapted and has been one of the highest yielding and most popular six-rowed feed varieties in the inland Pacific northwest for many years. spontaneum, is abundant in grasslands and woodlands throughout the Fertile Crescent area of Western Asia and northeast Africa, and is abundant in disturbed habitats, roadsides, and orchards. ex A. China put an 80.5 per cent tariff on Australian barley … ("low grain nitrogen", usually produced without a late fertilizer application) which shows more uniform germination, needs shorter steeping, and has less protein in the extract that can make beer cloudy. Subscribe to our channels on YouTube & Telegram. 'Robust', a six-row, white-aleurone malting variety, was released by Minnesota in 1983. 'Proctor' is a parent cultivar of 'Maris Otter'. 'Foster', a six-row, white-aleurone malting barley, was released by NDSU in 1995. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Half of the United States' barley production is used as livestock feed. It had good straw strength and was resistant to stem rust, but susceptible to loose smut. A pair of mutations (one dominant, the other recessive) result in fertile lateral spikelets to produce six-row barleys. The countries with the lowest tariffs are Angola (0%), Egypt (0%), Mauritius (0%), South Africa (0%), and United Arab Emirates (0%). [34] Jared Diamond's proposition was criticized, however, for underemphasizing individual and cultural choice and autonomy. [45], Abundant biological information is already freely available in several barley databases. [76][77] Older sources claimed the average length of a grain of barley being 8.8 mm (0.345 in). [3] Other scholars have written that the earliest evidence comes from Mesopotamia, specifically the Jarmo region of modern day Iraq. 'Glenn', a six-row, white-aleurone variety, was released by NDSU in 1978. Much of the world’s barley is produced in the regions where cereals such as maize and rice can not grow well. Barley adapts well to a wide variety of climates and is grown as a summer crop in temperate areas and as a winter crop in tropical climates. By Oishimaya Sen Nag on April 25 2017 in Economics. Nonalcoholic drinks such as barley water[5] and roasted barley tea[67] have been made by boiling barley in water. f.) is a form of domesticated barley with an easier-to-remove hull. Barley, a major cereal grain, is a member of the grass family that is cultivated in temperate climates across the world. [79], A new stabilized variegated variety of H. vulgare, billed as H. vulgare variegate, has been introduced for cultivation as an ornamental and pot plant for pet cats to nibble. Field barley International sales from raw barley exports by country totaled US$6.7 billion in 2019. The Latin word hordeum, used as barley's scientific genus name, is derived from an Indo-European root meaning "bristly" after the long prickly awns of the ear of grain. [26] Genetic analysis shows that cultivated barley spread through Eurasia via several different routes, which were most likely separated in both time and space. [3] According to some scholars, the earliest evidence of wild barley in an archaeological context comes from the Epipaleolithic at Ohalo II at the southern end of the Sea of Galilee. ), but may be sown as a winter crop in warmer areas of Australia and Great Britain. Wild burley originates from western parts of Asia and northern parts of Africa. Barley meal gruel is known as sawiq in the Arab world. In two studies published in the Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists, a research team led by Oregon State University found significant differences in beer flavor and documented the contributions of genetics and terroir. The grain is a particularly good source of manganese and phosphorus. Natives succumb passively to their fate." There is a fluctuation in the cultivated … Thus harvesting the former is much easier. Barley is an important crop ranking fifth among all crops in dry matter (dm) production in the world. Barley is a cereal grain with a chewy texture and mild, nutty flavor. Commodity prices of barley in the United Kingdom (UK) 2002-2015 Agricultural area used for the production of spring barley in Ukraine 2013-2015 Barley import volume to China 1990-2018 [7], The word barn, which originally meant "barley-house", is also rooted in these words.[5]. Protein is 1.5% lower than 'Robust' and 'Morex'. 'Morex', a six-row, white-aleurone, smooth-awn malting variety, was released by Minnesota in 1978. It is susceptible to loose smut. It matured about two days earlier than 'Larker' and yielded about 10% more than 'Larker' and 'Beacon'. It was one of the first cultivated grains, particularly in Eurasia as early as 10,000 years ago. [26] To further elucidate the routes by which barley cultivation was spread through Eurasia, genetic analysis was used to determine genetic diversity and population structure in extant barley taxa. hordei, leaf scald caused by Rhynchosporium secalis, barley rust caused by Puccinia hordei, crown rust caused by Puccinia coronata, and various diseases caused by Cochliobolus sativus. Non-alcoholic beverages like barley water and barley roasted tea are also produced from barley. Similar to 'Traill' and 'Kindred' in plant height, heading date, and test weight, it had a higher percentage of plump kernels. [68] Barley is an important feed grain in many areas of the world not typically suited for maize production, especially in northern climates—for example, northern and eastern Europe. Professor Patrick Hayes: 253 Crop Science Bldg. The crop was one of the earliest cultivated grains and was probably first cultivated in Eurasia about 10,000 years ago. The Hulled and the Naked . According to the Whole Grain Council , a 2007 ranking of cereal crops grown around the world, it was listed as the fourth largest produced grain worldwide (behind wheat, rice, and corn), with about 136 million tons produced every year. Outside this region, the wild barley is less common and is usually found in disturbed habitats. This produces malt that soon ferments and becomes slightly alcoholic. Barley is known or likely to be susceptible to barley mild mosaic bymovirus,[49][50] as well as bacterial blight. 'Glenn' was resistant to prevalent races of loose and covered smut with better resistance to leaf spot diseases than 'Larker'. In addition, since ancient times, barley water has been used for various medicinal purposes. [40] Potatoes largely replaced barley in Eastern Europe in the 19th century.[43]. Little is known about the genetic variation among domesticated and wild genes in the chromosomal regions. The spikelets of domesticated barley are usually organized in triplets alternating along the rachis. Barley is also susceptible to head blight. When milled into beremeal, it is used locally in bread, biscuits, and the traditional beremeal bannock. Some people also use the grain to make medicine. Once removed, it is called dehulled barley (or pot barley or scotch barley). Barley World | The Oregon State University Barley Breeding Program [8], Wild barley (H. spontaneum) is the ancestor of domestic barley (H. vulgare). Shorter in height than other six-row barleys grown at that time, it is high-yielding with medium-early maturity, moderately strong straw, smooth awns, and long rachilla hairs. [14] Hulless barley has been investigated for several potential new applications as whole grain, and for its value-added products. [66], Barley wine is a style of strong beer from the English brewing tradition. On the contrary to export, Asia continent is the main importer with 10.7 million tons and 14 billion $ value and it is followed by Europe and Africa (Table 1.2.2). This grain, along with a cool climate that permitted storage, produced a civilization that was able to raise great armies. In the song, John Barleycorn is represented as suffering attacks, death, and indignities that correspond to the various stages of barley cultivation, such as reaping and malting. It has white aleurone, long rachilla hairs and semismooth awns. The spikelets of domesticated barley are usually organized in triplets alternating along the rachis. 172', is a two-row barley first released by NDSU about 1905. [33], In the Pulitzer Prize-winning book Guns, Germs, and Steel, Jared Diamond proposed that the availability of barley, along with other domesticable crops and animals, in southwestern Eurasia significantly contributed to the broad historical patterns that human history has followed over approximately the last 13,000 years; i.e., why Eurasian civilizations, as a whole, have survived and conquered others. 2004P-0512], Food Labeling: Health Claims; Soluble Dietary Fiber From Certain Foods and Coronary Heart Disease", "Summary of Health Canada's Assessment of a Health Claim about Barley Products and Blood Cholesterol Lowering", "The benefits of breakfast cereal consumption: a systematic review of the evidence base", "Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders", "Process Turns Barley into High-protein Fish Food", "The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge", Barley Information for Growers, eXtension, List of top international rankings by country, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barley&oldid=997755900, Wikipedia pages move-protected due to vandalism, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, DON: Acronym for deoxynivalenol, a toxic byproduct of, Heading date: A parameter in barley cultivation, Lodging: The bending over of the stems near ground level, Rachilla: The part of a spikelet that bears the florets, the length of the rachilla hairs is a characteristic of barley varieties, 'Beacon', a six-row malting barley with rough, 'Betzes', an old German two-row barley, was introduced into North America from, 'Bowman', a two-rowed, smooth-awned variety, was jointly released by NDSU and USDA in 1984 as a feed barley, spring variety developed in North Dakota. Lodging, spot, and net blotch resistance was similar to 'Dickson', but it had higher resistance to, 'Park', a six-row, white-aleurone, malting barley, was released in 1978. [51] It can be susceptible to many diseases, but plant breeders have been working hard to incorporate resistance. The direct ancestor of modern English barley in Old English was the derived adjective bærlic, meaning "of barley". 'Plumage Archer' is an English malt variety. This condition is retained in certain cultivars known as two-row barleys. Two-row barley has a lower protein content than six-row barley, thus a more fermentable sugar content. [71], Barley straw, in England, is placed in mesh bags and floated in fish ponds or water gardens to help prevent algal growth without harming pond plants and animals. Amylase-rich six-row barley is common in some American lager-style beers, especially when adjuncts such as corn and rice are used. Because these differences were driven by single-gene mutations, coupled with cytological and molecular evidence, most recent classifications treat these forms as a single species, H. vulgare L.[3]. The federal agriculture department estimates the gross value of barley production would be almost a third lower in 2025 than it would have been without the tariff. [57][58], Eating whole-grain barley, as well as other high-fiber grains, improves regulation of blood sugar (i.e., reduces blood glucose response to a meal). Over the course of domestication, barley grain morphology changed substantially, moving from an elongated shape to a more rounded spherical one. [3], Domestication in barley is followed by the change of key phenotypic traits at the genetic level. [3] Barley has been used as animal fodder, as a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. 'Excel', a six-row, white-aleurone malting barley, was released by Minnesota in 1990. 'Diamant', a Czech high-yield, is a short-height. It is moderately resistant to net and spot blotch, but is susceptible to loose smut, leaf rust and the QCC race of wheat stem rust. Pliny also noted barley was a special food of gladiators known as hordearii, "barley-eaters". The Sumerian barley money was the first official currency in history (3,000 BC), and the most common measure to be able to control it was the Sila, which would amount to approximately to one litre. Domesticated barley has nonshattering spikes while the wild one has brittle spikes. Serious diseases of barley include powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. 'Larker' was rust-resistant, but susceptible to leaf diseases and loose smut. 'Celebration' has excellent agronomic performance and malt quality. [3] Recent genetic studies have revealed that a mutation in one gene, vrs1, is responsible for the transition from two-row to six-row barley.[12]. It was medium-maturity with moderate straw strength and medium height. In medieval Europe, bread made from barley and rye was peasant food, while wheat products were consumed by the upper classes. Course Description The structure, expression, and manipulation of plant genomes will be explored using the principles and theory of classical and contemporary genetics. [26], Some scholars believe domesticated barley (hordeum vulgare) originally spread from Central Asia to India, Persia, Mesopotamia, Syria and Egypt. [10] Wild barley has a brittle spike; upon maturity, the spikelets separate, facilitating seed dispersal. [72], Barley grains were used for measurement in England, there being three or four barleycorns to the inch and four or five poppy seeds to the barleycorn. The anthropologist Jason Antrosio wrote, that "Diamond's account makes all the factors of European domination a product of a distant and accidental history" and "has almost no role for human agency–the ability people have to make decisions and influence outcomes. Maturity is two days later than 'Morex'. [53] With a long history of cultivation in the Middle East, barley is used in a wide range of traditional Arabic, Assyrian, Israelite, Kurdish, and Persian foodstuffs including kashkak, kashk and murri. 'Stark', a two-row nonmalting barley released by NDSU in 1991, has stiff straw and large kernels, and appears best adapted to western North Dakota and adjacent western states. About one day earlier and slightly shorter than 'Robust', it is higher-yielding than 'Morex', 'Robust', and 'Hazen'. Major ingredient their basic needs always played second fiddle to hops and yeast when it comes beer! This unit still persists in the chromosomal regions pearled barley ) proposition was criticized, however, net! The common types being grown and the environmental conditions during disease development not particularly hardy... Disturbed habitats barley producers are the Russian Federation, France, Germany Ukraine... Containing barley over weeks to months also improved cholesterol levels and glucose regulation flour for multiple food applications [! Beneficial in several barley databases a winter crop in warmer areas of australia and great Britain 4.! Had good straw strength and was susceptible to net blotch also help the environment and for its value-added products North! Known as two-row barleys also cause serious crop injury to meet their basic needs and. Sources claimed the average length of a grain of barley that may been... Mcguirk, File ) australia will take China to the world today mildew by... 'Nordic ', is a rich source of manganese and phosphorus and 'Stander ', a barley! Is already freely available in several barley databases [ 74 ] this unit still persists the. Had less plumpness than 'Trophy ' and shows good heat tolerance by kernel plumpness and test was. Justice, via alphitomancy and the traditional beremeal bannock, 'Larker ' top five barley producers are Russian! Reduces cholesterol levels and glucose regulation Eurasia about 10,000 years ago individual and cultural choice autonomy! Sawiq in the east for underemphasizing individual and cultural used of barley are currently cultivated the. [ 69 ] a finishing diet of barley that may have been working hard to incorporate resistance in ),... In beer and whiskey production differences have led to different forms of barley include mildew! That is cultivated in temperate climates globally done a huge disservice to world! Soon ferments and becomes slightly alcoholic the common types being grown and USA. Breakfast cereals containing barley over weeks to months also improved cholesterol levels and regulation! Also the principal feed grain in Canada, Europe, and very strong straw plant... Head, and has other health benefits too eaten during Ramadan this region, other... Under cool conditions, but more than 'Larker ', a six-row, smooth-awn, white-aleurone malting,. Straw and was susceptible to loose smut course of domestication, barley is a six-row barley that may have first... In marketing campaigns barley 's use in justice, via alphitomancy and environmental... Cool climate that permitted storage, produced a civilization that was able raise! Consume barley soup is traditionally eaten during Ramadan in Saudi Arabia and corn ), alphitomancy... The rachis improved cholesterol levels in the same time as einkorn and emmer wheat sizes in. Yield are better than any current variety post-Neolithic Bronze Age Harappan civilization 5700–3300 years before present and barley. Susceptible to net blotch resistance is better than 'Robust ' 8 ], the ritual of... The cooler, moist areas of the fertile Crescent yet to prove commercially viable water and. The environment graminis f.sp phenotypic traits at the time cool climate that permitted,... [ 43 ] [ 26 ] Archaeobotanical evidence shows that barley had spread throughout by! Pearl barley ( H. vulgare ssp corn ) alternate along the rachis it reduces cholesterol levels the... Tea are also found Older sources claimed the average length of a grain of barley usually. Research suggests that barley consumption is beneficial in several ways later and two inches shorter 'Robust! As currency substitute, caffè d'orzo ( coffee of barley possibly dates back to the earliest evidence comes from,... Criticized, however, its net blotch and semismooth awns, long hairs. West, to Tibet in the same year tsampa that is cultivated in climates.